In 1809, Wellesley returned to Portugal with fresh forces, and defeated the French at the Second Battle of Porto, driving them from the country. The people of Alexandria, being disaffected towards Muhammad Ali of Egypt, opened the gates of the city to the British forces, allowing for one of the easiest conquests of a city by the British forces during the Napoleonic Wars. With substantial contingents from the East India Company, British troops also captured the Dutch colonies in the Far East in 1810 with the successful Invasion of the Spice Islands and 1811, with the fall of Java. Onlookers said that at the end of that battle the ships looked like they had never fought at all! as it used to be but the 2nd and 3rd sport bang ups as the soldiers of the 52nd who were the first in the Division that put them on have christened them.." All regiments were expected to be compliant with regulations by April 1814. These thugs would thus roam the countryside attempting to encourage men aged between 18 and 55 to join the navy. [3] Battalions were dispersed throughout the army; it was rare for two battalions of any regiment to serve in the same brigade. Napoleonic Army Handbook - The British Army and her Allies, Partridge and Oliver . British troops and ships seized the island of Corsica, turning it temporarily into the Anglo-Corsican Kingdom. Ruth Mather explores the impact of this fear on literature and on everyday life. In 1795 a combined British army and Royal Navy force under the command of Major-General James Craig and Admiral Elphinstone captured the Dutch Cape Colony. With a population of 16 million Britain was barely half the size of France with 30 million. If good enough, they could take command of small boats or prizes. 222 10,000 50,000, Russia [citation needed], Officers also needed permission from their commanding officers to marry, and for their wives to accompany them, but they were not subject to quota, although restrictions might be made due to the officer's age or seniority.[45]. Whether you are a private individual or a company, if you are a tax payer in France, you get tax benefits on donations to the Fondation Napolon. During the autumn and winter, they forced the French defensive lines in the Pyrenees and crossed into France, winning the Battle of Nivelle, the Battle of Nive and the Battle of Orthez in February 1814. At the end of May, 1797, the British Northe Sea fleet was so diminished (many vessels in port for repairs) that Admiral Duncan found himself blockading the port of Texel (and the whole Batavian fleet in it, under Vice-admiral de Winter) with only two ships, Venerable (74) and Adamant (50). [8] Most important, the British national output remained strong and the well-organized business sector channeled products into what the military needed. 19 February, 1794, British capture of San Fiorenzo, Corsica, by Lord Hood [6] Additionally, corporal punishment was removed for a large number of petty offences (while it was still retained for serious derelictions of duty) and the Shorncliffe System for light infantry was established in 1803, teaching skirmishing, self-reliance and initiative. At different times during this period, Great Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia, Denmark, Sweden, and the Neapolitan Kingdom all waged war against France in various coalitions. 24-25 July, 1797, action in Tenerife British attempt to seize a ship laden with silver anchored in the port. Faced with considerable problems at home (the mutinies of Spithead and The Nore) and invasion threats from abroad (the battles of Cape Saint Vincent and Camperdown), the navy was forced to act. either the Army Gold Cross or the Army Gold Medal. 27 June, 1796, British evacuation of Livorno Driven by the terrible onboard conditions, the brutal punishments and increasingly infrequent pay, the sailors of the Royal Navy mutinied twice in 1797, once in April and then again in May, first at Spithead, off Portsmouth, and then at The Nore, a sand bank off the Kent coast in the Thames where the fleet usually anchored. [27] The Second was in the colour of the regimental facings with a small Union Flag in the corner and the regimental number in centre. On the morning of 18 June, one of the greatest ever feats of British arms began: The Battle of Waterloo. It consisted even when first transferred of soldiers of mixed nationalities, and later recruited from among prisoners of war and deserters from all over Europe. The British Army during the Napoleonic Wars experienced a time of rapid change. The Napoleonic conflict had reached the point at which subsequent historians could talk of a "world war". (The New Brunswick Fencibles volunteered for general service and became the 104th Regiment of Foot, but did not serve outside the continent.) Horatio Nelson was a British flag officer whose inspirational leadership brought about several British naval victories, especially during the Napoleonic Wars.Regarded as one of Britain's heroic figures, Horatio Nelson's legacy remains influential and several monuments, including the Nelson Monument and Nelson's Column, have been created in his memory. April 1794, British capture of Tobago and Santa-Lucia (Santa-Lucia retaken by the French, summer, 1795, taken back by the British, April 1796) They were armed with the "New Light Infantry Land Pattern" of the standard musket, which had a rudimentary backsight to aid individual accuracy, using the bayonet lug as a foresight. It was in 1802, during this period of uniform transition, that enlisted soldier rank insignia were first designated by chevrons. sons of Peers were styled Honourable in the army lists, etc. At different times during this period, Great Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia, Denmark, Sweden, and the Neapolitan Kingdom all waged war against France in various coalitions. 1. The Royal Corsican Rangers were formed in 1798 from among Corsican exiles on Menorca. and will make updates as more information comes to light. Wellesley won the Battle of Vimeiro while reinforcements landed at nearby Maceira Bay. Total vesselsTotal cannonTotal crew British troops under Lieutenant General Sir David Baird won the Battle of Blaauwberg in January 1806, forcing the surrender of the colony. KT: Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle 3. About 10,000 Americans found themselves impressed into service during the Napoleonic Wars. At its peak, in 1813, the regular army contained over 250,000 men. At this time, infantry regiments existed up to 104th Foot, but between 1817 and 1819, the regiments numbered 95th Foot up were disbanded,[64] and by 1821 the army numbered only 101,000 combatants, 30% of which were stationed in the colonies, especially India. (The Scots Greys wore a bearskin headdress and had a more curved sword.). While the French favoured column formation, the line formation enabled all muskets available to fire at the enemy. Many in the French government believed that isolating Britain from the Continent would end its economic influence over Europe and isolate it. Find out more. As a result of increased revenues from the colonies, huge numbers of new recruits, modernised ports, swift and summary repression of the internal problems, the relative weakness of the opposition, and victory in two key naval battles (thus preventing a full scale invasion of Ireland and also greatly weakening two enemy fleets), the British Navy both psychologically and physically laid the foundations for the crucial victories of the Nile, Copenhagen and Trafalgar. He too was forced off course by the winds and in fact (because of the fog and the sleepy Spanish watch) passed unnoticed through the Spanish fleet on the evening of 11 February to reach Jervis. Petty Officers and Warrant Officers included mast captains, gunner's mates, quartermasters, master-at-arms, carpenter, bosun and cooper, the ship's master, chaplain and surgeon. Through its command of the sea, financial subsidies to allies on the European mainland, and active military intervention in the Peninsular War, Britain played the central role in Napoleon's downfall even as all the other major powers switched back and forth. After being disbanded during the Peace of Amiens, the regiment was reformed in 1803 from Corsicans and Italians (Italian was the main language spoken among Corsicans). $3,295.00 35% off. As the rest of the Spanish fleet was trying desperately to join up behind Jervis fleet, Nelson spotted the manoeuvre and (without order) left the line of battle in order to prevent the Spanish from completing their attempt. These nine vessels then tried but in vain to cut the British line in front of Jervis in Victory. 2 April, 1801, Battle of Copenhagen, British victory. For this reason, the newly raised 95th Rifles received no colours, but the converted line regiments retained their existing colours. By contrast the French financial system was inadequate and Napoleon's forces had to rely in part on requisitions from conquered lands. Hearing of Blcher's defeat on the morning of 17 June, Wellington ordered his army to withdraw on a parallel course to his ally; the British and Belgians took position near the Belgian village of Waterloo. If you gave your "parole" or promise of good behaviour you were more or less free to act as you wish. Pay for NCOs and men of the cavalry includes 9 pence per diem for subsistence of a horse. [54] The French caught up with the main army at Corunna, and in the ensuing Battle of Corunna in January 1809, Moore was killed; the remnant of the army was evacuated to England.[53]. After the end of the War in 1815, almost all the fencible and volunteer units were disbanded. In terms of soldiers the French numerical advantage was offset by British subsidies that paid for a large proportion of the Austrian and Russian soldiers, peaking at about 450,000 in 1813. After careful preparations and rehearsals in Turkish anchorages, a British force under Sir Ralph Abercromby made a successful opposed landing at the Battle of Abukir (1801). The two fleet were as follows: Historian Jenny Uglow (2015) explores a multitude of connections between the Army and its support network, as summarized by a review of her book by Christine Haynes: A key element in British success was its ability to mobilize the nation's industrial and financial resources and apply them to defeating France. mid August, 1794, capitulation of Calvi, Corsica. Total vesselsTotal cannonTotal crew George Murray, Irresistible (74) Capt. "[5] In Scotland however, a number of men enlisted due to the collapse of the weaving trade and came from skilled artisan or even middle-class households. Edward Foote, Bonne Citoyenne (20) Cdr Charles Lindsay, Raven (18) Cdr William Prowse, Fox (10) Lt. John Gibson, The Spanish fleet Many Spanish wives and girlfriends were left behind, to general distress. Unlike the French and the Spanish who out of preference directed their cannon at the sails and masts in an attempt to limit an enemy ships capacity for manoeuvre, the Batavians fired at the hulls of their enemies (just like the British Navy), a fact which would explain the high numbers of fatalities and wounded and the relatively intact condition of the masts and rigging. April 1809 to April 1814. basic introductory biographies of many of the British Generals who EXPEDITIONARY FORCE 54 FRN 03 NAPOLEONIC WARS FRENCH LINE INFANTRY OFFICERS . On 16 June 1815, Napoleon himself led men against Blcher at Ligny, while Marshall Ney commanded an attack against Wellington's forward army at the Battle of Quatre Bras. The service was present in every major port in the kingdom. In 1805 news arrived in London that Napoleon had broken up his invasion camp at Boulogne, and was marching across Germany. After Massena withdrew, there was fighting for most of 1811 on the frontiers of Portugal, as Wellesley attempted to recover vital fortified towns. Most soldiers at the time signed on for life in exchange for a "bounty" of 2317s6d, a lot of which was absorbed by the cost of outfitting "necessities",[5] but a system of 'limited service' (seven years for infantry, ten for cavalry and artillery) was introduced in 1806 to attract recruits. [32] Wellington in particular was highly unimpressed by the quality and intelligence of many of his cavalry officers. I have not given the foreign The Allies then established a new front in southern Holland and Germany, but with poor co-ordination and failing supplies were forced to continue their retreat through the arduous winter of 1794/5. In October, the army retreated to Portugal. The largest migr corps was the King's German Legion, which was formed in 1803 and was composed mainly of German exiles from Hanover and other north German states. They were armed with the Pattern 1796 light cavalry sabre, which was very sharply curved and generally used for cutting only. Abercromby was mortally wounded at the Battle of Alexandria, where the British troops demonstrated the effectiveness of their musketry, improved discipline and growing experience. After the rebellion had already failed, a French expedition under General Humbert landed in the west of Ireland. While line regiments fired in volleys, light infantry skirmishers fired at will, taking careful aim at targets. Originally, the white trousers were cut as overalls, designed to be worn to protect the expensive breeches and gaiters worn by the rank and file, although on campaign, they were often worn by themselves; a practice which was later permitted except on parade. beginning April, 1794, capitulation of Bastia, Corsica, to Lord Hood In January 1812, Wellesley captured Ciudad Rodrigo after a surprise move. [28], The colours were carried into battle for identification, and as a rallying point, in the care of sergeants or ensigns. British Generals of the Napoleonic Wars 1793-1815 By: Ron McGuigan Introduction The Duke of Wellington The following are short, basic introductory biographies of many of the British Generals who served during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 1793-1815. The other major British effort in the early French Revolutionary Wars was mounted against the French possessions in the West Indies. A preferred target for the pressgang was the merchant navy, so it was not infrequent to find special hiding places on merchant vessels. Although the British troops captured the Dutch fleet, but after the defeat at Castricum, the expedition was a failure and the British commander in chief, the Duke of York negotiated a capitulation which allowed the British to sail away unmolested. WAR OF 1812 REGIMENT OF ARTILLERY 23MM COAT BUTTON (1808-1811) $40.00 . Wellington's Army 1808-1814, Michael Glovers The Peninsular [41] While tents were frequently used by officers, they were not issued to the men until 1813. In light infantry units and the flank companies of line units, they carried the Pattern 1803 sabre instead. [57] In France, the discipline of Wellington's British and Portuguese troops was far superior to that of the Spanish, and even that of the French, thanks to plentiful supplies delivered by sea. The system of sale of commissions officially governed the selection and promotion of officers, but the system was considerably relaxed during the wars. The British Navy as it appears at the battles of the Nile and Copenhagen cannot be properly understood without considering the preceding eight years of war with Revolutionary France, the semi-disaster at Toulon, against the young artilleryman, Bonaparte, the (real) fear of invasion, the growth of the empire, the huge efforts at recruitment into navy, the advances in port technology, the increasing number of enemy ships captured and the weakness of the France, Britains principal rival. At the beginning of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1793, the army was a small, awkwardly administered force of barely 40,000 men. orders awarded to these generals nor have I indicated those who received SK Miniatures Napoleonic British Light Dragoon 1/9th Unpainted kit CARL REID . British losses ran to 73 dead and 227 wounded. In 1812, this was replaced by the false-fronted "Belgic" shako, although light infantry continued to wear the stovepipe version. The impact of the Napoleonic Wars in Britain The start of the 19th century was a time of hostility between France and England, marked by a series of wars. Faced with considerable problems at home (the mutinies of Spithead and The Nore) and invasion threats from abroad (the battles of Cape Saint Vincent and Camperdown), the navy was forced to act. Home defence, enforcement of law and maintenance of order was primarily the responsibility of the Militia, the Royal Veteran Battalions, the Yeomanry and the Fencibles. Lieutenant General Sir John Whitelocke was sent from Britain to take command in the region, arriving at the same time as Major General Robert Craufurd, whose destination had been changed several times by the government, and whose troops had been aboard ship for several months.[50]. During the Napoleonic Wars, a British naval officer believed that desperate times called for desperate measures -- so he proposed the use of saturation bombing and chemical warfare. In total, it formed two dragoon regiments (which later became light dragoons), three hussar regiments, eight line and two light infantry battalions, and five artillery batteries. Companies were commanded by captains, with lieutenants and ensigns (or subalterns) beneath him. The troops swore allegiance, both to the British Crown, and to the defunct States-General of the Netherlands, the former sovereign power in the Dutch Republic. Robert Calder, Egmont (74) Capt. [59], Once peace agreements had finally been settled, the army left the Peninsula. Vryheid (74), Vice-admiral de Winter, Jupiter (74), Vice-admiral Reyntjes, Brutus (74), Rear-admiral Bloys van Treslong, Staten-Generaal (74), Rear-admiral Story, Cerebus (68), Jacobson, Tjerk Hiddes de Vries (68), Zegers, Gelijkheid (68), Ruysen, Haarlem (68), Wiggerts, Hercules (64), Van Rysoort, Leyden (64), Musquetier, Wassenaer (64), Holland, Alkmaar (56), Kraft, Batavier (54), Souters, Beschermer (54), Hinxt, Delft (54), Verdoorn, Mars (44), Kolff, Monnikendam (44), Lancaster, Ambucade (32), Lieutenant captain Huys Heldin (32), Lieutenant captain LEstrille, The British 42.99 + 11.99 P&P . (The cavalry division referred to all cavalry units of an army.) The British troops, as per standard drill, formed infantry squares (hollow box-formations four ranks deep) after which the French cavalry was driven off. It was decommissioned on 12 July 1802, after the Peace of Amiens, after which most personnel (but not all) returned to the Batavian Republic, under an amnesty in connection with that treaty.[34]. But above all, the mutinies of 1797 revealed a fundamental weakness in defence. John Irwin, Orion (74) Capt. The first rifle-armed unit, the 5th Battalion of the 60th Regiment, was formed mainly from German migrs before 1795. © Fondation Napolon 2023 ISSN 2272-1800, http://www.stvincent.ac.uk/1797/Victory/index.html. and St. George [39] These regiments included many of the men who were afterwards among the leaders of the Greeks in the War of Independence, such as Theodoros Kolokotronis. 36.99 + 11.99 P&P . Finally he capitulated, and the troops returned ignominiously to Britain. Daily Rate in 1800. The rifle-armed units saw extensive service, most prominently in the Peninsular War where the mountainous terrain saw them in their element. GCH: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order After the city was bombarded for several days, the Danes surrendered their fleet. In conformity with these acts, every county was required to supply to the navy a quota of men, in proportion to the country population and the number of ports for example, London was asked to provide 5,700 men, whilst Yorkshire, the largest county, was obliged to offer 1,081 hommes. [2] The Napoleonic wars pitted France, led by Napoleon Bonaparte, against a number of countries in Europe from 1797 through 1815. The British Army fought on a number of fronts during the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic wars, with a brief pause from 1802 to 1803 (and from 1814 to 1815, after Bonaparte abdicated for the first time). The heavy cavalry (excepting the Household Cavalry who adopted a helmet with a prominent woolen comb and the Scots Greys, who retained their bearskins) adopted a helmet with a horsetail crest like those of French dragoons or cuirassiers, while the light dragoons adopted a jacket and shako similar to those of French chasseurs a cheval. Those veterans had won nineteen pitched battles and innumerable combats; had made or sustained ten sieges and taken four great fortresses; had twice expelled the French from Portugal, once from Spain; had penetrated France, and killed wounded or captured two hundred thousand enemies leaving of their own number forty thousand dead, whose bones whiten the plains and mountains of the Peninsula. The British forces defeated Mysore for the final time, capturing Seringapatam and killing Tipu Sultan. After some initial setbacks, Cornwallis was ultimately victorious capturing the Mysorean capital city of Seringapatam and compelling Mysore to make peace on terms favourable to Britain. Although the French infantry (and, earlier, the Americans) frequently used buck and ball in their muskets, the British infantry used only standard ball ammunition. While the rifle-armed units adopted a dark green uniform, the musket-armed light infantry units wore tailless jackets in the traditional red colour. Cuthbert Collingwood, Minerve (38) Capt. There were eventually 104 regiments of the line. They are ordered by immediate rank (e.g. Haiti was left to the insurgent armies. In highland regiments, a basket-hilted claymore was generally worn. The standard weapon of the British infantry was the "India Pattern" version of the Brown Bess musket. Although it never fought as an independent force, its units were often brigaded together. Volunteers On 22 July, Wellington took advantage of a momentary French dispersion and gained a complete victory at the Battle of Salamanca. [5] During the Peninsular Campaign, the army lost almost 25,000 men from wounds and disease while fewer than 9,000 were killed directly in action;[7] however more than 30,000 were wounded in action, and many died in the days or weeks to follow. April 1799, Admiral comte de Bruix slipped through the blockade and attempted to join the Spanish fleet in Cadiz seeing Lord Keith blockading of Cadiz, he avoided battle and entered the Mediterranean. And it would appear that the government was largely sympathetic, given the speed of the reparations (the difficulties were resolved in less than two months by the passing of an act of parliament), the payment of pay arrears and the pardoning of all those involved in the mutiny. KGL: The King's German Legion One unfortunate result however of this policy was that the criminals brought with them typhus, also known as Gaol fever, onto previously healthy ships! [2] Whether you are a private individual or a company, if you are a tax payer in France, you get tax benefits on donations to the Fondation Napolon. CGS Officer French Chasseur of Guard Napoleonic 120mm Unpainted kit CORRY . [43] Many soldiers also found wives or companions from amongst the local populations, whose presence in the army train was generally tolerated, despite being beyond the quota. The mutinies at Spithead (April) and The Nore (May), 1797 1797 was a key year for British in the struggle against Revolutionary France. The series of naval and colonial conflicts, including a large number of minor naval actions, resembled those of the French Revolutionary Wars and the preceding centuries of European warfare. The mutinies at Spithead (April) and The Nore (May), 1797 The Battle of Cape Saint Vincent, 14 February, 1797 The battle of Camperdown (Kamperduin), 11 October, 1797 Bruix finally managed to join up with the Spanish fleet on 22 June at Cartagena. He said: I considered our (British) cavalry so inferior to the French from the want of order, that although I considered one squadron a match for two French, I didn't like to see four British opposed to four French: and as the numbers increased and order, of course, became more necessary I was the more unwilling to risk our men without having a superiority in numbers.[33]. [9][10], Christine Haynes, "Review, Journal of military history April 2016 80#2 p 544, 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206583.001.0001, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars&oldid=1132692113, Black, Jeremy. In 1806, four light dragoon regiments (the 7th, 10th, 15th and 18th) were converted into regiments of Hussars, with no change in their role, but a great increase in the expense of their uniforms. The troops received both the King's Colours and regimental colours after Dutch model. British regular infantry and artillery regiments formed the core of the East India Company army serving under the command of British general Lord Cornwallis. The French started their attack with an artillery bombardment. Spanish losses: 14 ships, including two 112s, one 80 and one 74, 5,000 dead, wounded and taken prisoner; British losses: 73 dead, 227 wounded, 5 ships very seriously damaged To clear nests of French privateers and raiders, the Army captured the French dependencies in the Indian Ocean in the Mauritius campaign of 18091811. Napoleon marched swiftly through France to meet them, and split his army to launch a two-pronged attack. December 1796, failed invasion of Ireland Becoming a sailor was also a way of avoiding debtors prison, since the Navy protected a man from his creditors provided that the debt was less than twenty pounds. In alliance with the Ottoman Empire, Britain mounted an expedition to expel the French from Egypt. An Experimental Corps of Riflemen, armed with the British Infantry Rifle, more commonly known as the Baker rifle, was formed in 1800, and was brought into the line as the 95th Regiment of Foot (Rifles) in 1802. The attack was repulsed. The resulting five-year campaign crippled the whole British Army through disease, especially yellow fever. In 1805 British forces under the command of General James Craig were part of an Anglo-Russian force intended to secure the Kingdom of Naples. The rebellion was marked by atrocities on both sides. Britain mobilized a vast civilian support network to support its 1 million soldiers. In 1808, once the British were allied to Portugal and Spain, they were able to concentrate their forces and capture the French possessions one by one; Cayenne and Martinique in 1809, and Guadeloupe in 1810. The armies of Wellington and Von Blucher defeated Napoleon once and for all at the Battle of Waterloo. George Martin, Victory (100) Admiral Sir John Jervis, Capt. The expedition was led by General Lord Cathcart. ", Linch, Kevin, and Matthew McCormack. In those days no Gentleman would break his bond, and if an officer broke. In this theatre a British army under the command of the Duke of York formed part of an Allied army with Hanoverian, Dutch, Hessian, Austrian and Prussian contingents, which faced the French Republican Arme du Nord, the Arme des Ardennes and the Arme de la Moselle. One of Britain's allies was Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, whose kingdom was important to British interests in the Mediterranean. "The British Army in the Napoleonic Wars: Approaches Old and New. During the wars, many migr units were formed from refugees from countries occupied by France, and from among deserters and prisoners of war from the French armies. Despite modern literary claims to the contrary light infantry (including Rifle regiments) also converted to the 1812 pattern infantry cap from April 1813 as a letter by Colonel Sir Andrew Barnard of the 95th Rifles states:- " I have had caps enough in store to help the appearance of the 1st Batt. Total vesselsTotal cannonTotal crew 661 14,000100,000, France Even though much less experienced than the British, the Batavians fought bravely and there were large numbers of dead and wounded on both sides 540 Batavians killed and 620 wounded, against 203 British dead and 622 wounded. [4] There was some damage to Britain, especially in 1808 and 1811, but its control of the oceans helped ameliorate the damage. In fact the Spithead mutiny was an industrial dispute. Furthermore, the British sailors were renowned for their ability to perform repair work at sea. Joe Morris Relations between the British and Corsicans soured, and the island was evacuated after Spain declared war on Britain, making it impossible for the Royal Navy to maintain communications with the island. [1] By the end of the period, the numbers had vastly increased. Napoleon's plans to invade Britain failed due to the inferiority of his navy, and in 1805, Lord Nelson's fleet decisively defeated the French and Spanish at the Battle of Trafalgar, which was the last significant naval action of the Napoleonic Wars. [2] The British infantry was "the only military force not to suffer a major reverse at the hands of Napoleonic France."[3]. From 1812, the uniforms of most of the remaining British cavalry changed, following French styles. Later in the afternoon, British troops were amazed to see waves of cavalrymen heading towards them. [58] The news was slow to reach Wellington, who fought the indecisive Battle of Toulouse on 10 April. Officers were responsible for providing (and paying for) their own uniforms.
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